Okay, here’s another map for the “Great Lands” setting. This one is focused more closely on the Great Lands themselves – that is, proto-Europe. The map was produced using Wonderdraft, with a carefully selected excerpt of the world map applied as a tracing image.
You can see that Europe hasn’t been fully assembled yet – with Africa still moving northward and rotating slightly counter-clockwise, the Italian and Balkan peninsulas haven’t merged in with the main portion of the continent. You can also see that the Atlantic Ocean is a bit narrower in this epoch – that’s a piece of Greenland in the far northwest, and the Americas aren’t too far off the western edge of the map.
The “Sea Kingdom” is an ahistorical bit, a subcontinent springing up along the mid-Atlantic ridge. I need a Númenor-analogue, so there it is.
The most notable feature of this pseudo-Eocene world is the climate. The planet is a lot warmer and less arid than we’re accustomed to, and sea level is quite a bit higher. The Great Lands have a humid subtropical climate all the way up into parts of what will eventually be Scandinavia and Russia. Warm, wet summers, cool winters with occasional snow, and the natural biome is either dense deciduous forest or highland prairie. Only in the very far north do you start getting a humid continental climate, with cool summers and bitterly cold winters.
People living in the Great Lands are not going to look or dress like medieval Europeans – they’re going to be generally olive to dark brown in complexion, and they’ll tend to dress pretty lightly in the summertime. I suspect the Tremara (the pseudo-Indo-European people that my protagonists belong to) are going to rather resemble Indians (as in, people from the Indian subcontinent, not Native Americans).
This part of the world will be home to several hominid species at once, each analogous to one of the Standard Fantasy Races found in (e.g.) Dungeons & Dragons. “Common-folk” (humans) can be found just about everywhere on this map. “Elder-folk” (elves) mostly stick to the western Great Lands, and keep to themselves. “Smith-folk” (dwarves) set up holdfasts wherever there’s copper, tin, or iron ore to be found, especially in hilly or mountainous regions. “Sea-folk” (halflings) come from a set of tropical islands far to the east, although a fair number of them have traveled on Sea-Kingdom ships to settle in the Great Lands. “Nomad-folk” or skatoi (orcs) mostly hang out in the colder northern regions, although they like to go raiding into the Great Lands on land or by sea.
Developing lots of neat ideas for this new version of the setting. More to come!
A few years ago, I did a bunch of worldbuilding for an Iron Age fantasy setting that I call “the Great Lands.” I even wrote a full-length novel set there, which got self-published and is currently still available in ebook format on Amazon: The Curse of Steel.
The novel got almost no engagement in its time, and the sequel I had started ran into a plot block, so I eventually set the whole project aside. Lately, however, I’ve been thinking about reviving it – reworking the worldbuilding, pulling the novel down and doing a minor rewrite before republishing it on Royal Road or a similar outlet, and so on.
An early step in the worldbuilding part of the project was to build a new “historical atlas” to settle the back-story of the setting. Which meant, among other things, revising the old master world map. At which point I ran into a snag.
The problem is, I’m too picky when it comes to my worldbuilding. I have to be able to believe in the world, which means I have to pay attention to the earth-sciences part of it, even if none of that is ever going to be too obvious in the finished stories. I know the techniques for developing a constructed world, starting with the plate tectonics and working my way up through the landforms and climate. Yet I’ve never been satisfied with the results when I do that. The worlds I build end up looking too . . . too bland.
I’ve also experimented with random planetary generators – there are plenty of those available, if you know where to look – but none of those come up to my standards. They always end up being too coarse-grained in their details, or if they’re fine-grained they give us naturalistic-looking worlds that make no sense if you examine them more closely. Nobody seems up to the challenge of simulating plate tectonics for a randomly-generated Earthlike world with any degree of fidelity.
So for the past few weeks I’ve been tinkering with worlds, sometimes getting to the point of a world map to start with before throwing the whole thing out, sometimes not even getting that far. Until I had An Idea: if one wants to build a world that’s much like Earth, that clearly evolved under the same physical regime, but isn’t actually our Earth . . . one thing we can do is look at Earth of the distant past.
My original design for the Great Lands involved a Europe-like subcontinent where much of the action would take place. Easy enough. To the south of this, a “Sailor’s Sea” that would allow easy travel from west to east, and then another continent where exotic creatures and cultures might dwell. More continents off in the distance, which might or might not ever become significant to the story.
What I realized was that Earth was actually like that once . . . back in the Eocene Era, before the continent of Africa moved a bit further north and started colliding with Europe and Asia. In that time, what would eventually become the Mediterranean Sea still connected freely both with the (narrower) Atlantic Ocean to the west, and to the Tethys Ocean to the east, an ocean which would eventually become the Indian Ocean once India itself finished making its way north to collide with Asia.
Okay, suppose I work with Earth in the Eocene, about 50 million years before the present. Is it possible to build decent world maps of that era?
Turns out we can. Let me briefly describe my workflow, with pointers to where you can lay hands on similar data and tools if you’d like to fiddle with Earth’s deep past in similar fashion.
The primary resource here is the PALEOMAP Project, work done by the prominent geologist Christopher Scotese. The link will take you to a paper he produced in 2018, describing a set of DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) that he and his colleagues have laboriously assembled for the entire planet Earth in different past eras. This is a monumental data set, with over 110 different maps stretching over half a billion years into the past. There’s a link in the paper that will give you access to the entire data set.
The PALEOMAP models are in a specific file format (NetCDF) that’s in common use in the earth-sciences community, but which I needed specific tools to work with. There’s a NetCDF viewer called Panoply that’s very good for reading the individual files in the PALEOMAP corpus and visualizing the results, but by itself that wasn’t fine-grained enough. I needed to convert the NetCDF files into a different file format like GeoTIFF, so it could be processed by professional cartography software like QGIS.
Fortunately, I was able to locate MyGeodata, a online utility that’s designed to convert geolocation data from one format to another. I was able to convert the two PALEOMAP data files I was most interested in to GeoTIFF with no difficulty. It cost me a few dollars – the size of the datasets were above the site’s threshold for free use – but the results were superb.
I was able to load a GeoTIFF file for the Eocene period (50 million years before present) into QGIS, and work with that to develop a nicely colored elevation map of Earth in the appropriate era. Output from that went into Affinity Photo, and a couple of hours later I had the completed “master world map” at the head of this post.
You should be able to see the differences between Eocene Earth and our present day. The Atlantic Ocean is narrower, and none of the continents have quite reached their present-day positions. The Tethys Ocean is still there, full of islands and island chains that will make it a nice “Sailor’s Sea.” The sea level is noticeably higher than in the present – the Eocene was a rather warm period in Earth’s history, with very little permanent glaciation. Even Antarctica doesn’t have much in the way of ice caps yet. I suspect if I run with that, the “Great Lands” (proto-Europe) are going to be subtropical – but that’s okay.
I’ve added one feature that didn’t exist in our own Earth’s past – an island subcontinent in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, straddling the mid-ocean ridge. Kind of like Iceland, if it had appeared a few million years earlier and was a different shape. That’s going to be the “Sea Kingdom” in the fantasy setting I’m building, the current highest point of human civilization and the source of world-spanning oceanic adventures.
Okay, so I have a starting point for rebuilding “the Great Lands,” and I ought to be able to proceed from there. Chalked up some neat experience with working with geolocation data and professional-caliber cartography tools, too. Fun!
I’ve just pushed a copy of the slides I’ll be using on Saturday, 22 November, for a seminar at Philcon 2025. The title is “Foundations of Worldbuilding: Getting the Astronomy Right,” and it’s a quick review of some recent results from exoplanetary science and the GAIA astrometry mission. Feel free to pull down a copy of the PDF for yourself.
I have a contract in hand for this project, and the design is starting to come together nicely (although there is a ton of work to be done), so it’s about time that I pulled the tarp off of it.
As of this month, I’m working on (part of) a new book, with the working title of Symphony of Cultures. This is conceptually a “sequel” to Architect of Worlds, and it’s essentially going to be a book of tools and design sequences for building alien species and alien cultures for interstellar fiction. Ad Astra Games will be publishing it. The objective is to have it ready for release in about a year, in time for next summer’s big conventions. We’re aiming for a book that’s about the same length and heft as Architect of Worlds – that is, about 192 pages of rules, worksheets, and scientific/historical/literary background.
I’m not the sole author for this one. Ken Burnside intends to write at least a short section. We also have a third collaborator who has both gaming chops and considerable relevant expertise in evolutionary biology – honestly, they’re likely to end up writing more of the final draft than I do.
Prior art that might be relevant includes the various Traveller animal-design rules, the old Digest Group Publications release Grand Census, the alien-design rules in GURPS Uplift, and the Civilization tabletop and video game franchises.
The intention is to have a “short” design sequence, something a writer or gamer could complete in an hour or two, generating a “planet of the week” for a piece of fiction. There’s also going to be a “long” design sequence, that would take a lot more work but would help the reader generate the whole evolutionary and cultural history of an alien society in detail. That “long” sequence is where a lot of the scientific and historical mojo is going to be applied.
At the moment I’m drafting an initial design for a major portion of the “long” design sequence, and giving some thought to what the “short” sequence might look like. I’m hoping we can actually start writing big chunks of material by this fall. We may be looking for beta readers and “playtesters” at some point, so feel free to drop me a line if you might be interested in that. I probably won’t be posting portions of the draft here, as I did during development of Architect of Worlds. We’re on a much shorter development cycle for this one, and it has a publisher from day one, so we’ll be working through Ad Astra’s usual playtesting pipeline.
Should be an interesting project, though, and I’m looking forward to making it come together.
It took us a lot longer than it probably should have – I can attest that other things kept grabbing higher priority – but Ad Astra Games and I have agreed on a general policy for anyone who would like to build a computer application to implement some or all of the Architect of Worlds design sequence.
You’ll notice that Ken is interested in hosting a full implementation of Architect of Worlds on the Ad Astra Games site, as a convenience for writers and gamers who might want to use the design sequences without having to plow through the book by hand. Developers who would like to talk to Ken about submitting a design proposal are welcome to email him at Ad Astra Games – be sure to use the subject line “Architect of Worlds Automation Design Proposal.”
Notes on the Structure of Interstellar Civilizations
This is a collection of assumptions, a bit of mathematical modeling, and lots of commentary on the prevalence of interstellar cultures in the Human Destiny setting. Even if you’re not interested in that setting per se, it may be of some interest as an example of deliberate world-building on a very grand scale.
There’s going to be a follow-on project, involving making some maps of the Human Protectorate’s primary volume, and of the immediate galactic neighborhood around Sol in the Human Destiny universe. Not sure if I’ll turn to that immediately, but it’s in the critical path for my project to re-think that setting, so probably sooner rather than later.
The abstract suggests that most planetary systems eject a few planets in the first billion years or so after their formation, with the ejected planets becoming “rogue” or “free-floating” planets in interstellar space.
The current Architect of Worlds models do allow for some ejection of planets in the formation process, especially in the case of a “Nice Event” that scrambles the orbits of core-accretion planets in the outer system. This paper seems to suggest that the process is a bit more common and aggressive than the current Architect models would suggest. I’m bookmarking this paper for close reading later – it’s a good candidate for being taken into account in a putative second edition of Architect.
I recently came across a neat website by Kevin Jardine: Galaxy Map.
It’s an odd site. It’s not clear how it’s all organized. It looks as if the site’s owner planned to write a book about mapping our galactic neighborhood, but the project got abandoned at some point. Nevertheless there’s a lot of interesting data and some gorgeous maps there, if you dig around a bit for them. In particular, Mr. Jardine has used the Gaia data tranches to do some really interesting mapping of relative star densities, the location of clusters and major nebulae, and the location of super-bright stars.
The most immediately useful page on the site appears to be at Galaxy Map Resources, but there’s also a collection of maps at Galaxy Map Posters that includes the one I included at the top of this post.
Really neat material there, if you’re at all interested in writing near-solar neighborhood interstellar fiction.
An interesting result in the current issue of Earth and Planetary Science Letters, suggesting that Earth may have had a significant ring system lasting up to 40 million years during the Ordovician period, about 466 million years ago:
The mechanism is particularly interesting, and has implications for Architect of Worlds. At present, the design sequence simply will not produce rings around a terrestrial planet comparable to Earth. In this case, the hypothesis is that a largish asteroidal body had a near-miss encounter with Earth, within the planet’s Roche limit, and broke up to form rings. Which suggests that any terrestrial planet in a system that includes at least one planetoid belt might have a temporary ring system at any given time.
I’ll have to think about this some more, but there might be some additional guidelines forthcoming to cover this case. Not to mention that a ring system would cut back on insolation and have a profound effect on planetary climate . . .
For several weeks now, I’ve been using a sequence of tabletop simulation games to generate a big chunk of the Fourth Millennium alternate history. These have included:
Alexandros (Revised Edition), by Compass Games
Successors (Fourth Edition), by GMT Games
Sword of Rome, by GMT Games
Pax Romana, by GMT Games
In particular, the past two weeks have been devoted to running through a home-brewed scenario of Pax Romana, based on the outcomes of the previous games. I’ve been making occasional posts to Facebook detailing how the game has been going, with comments about what the alternate history looks like. For my blog readers and patrons, and to preserve that commentary for future reference, I’m going to compile all of those posts here.
So, without further ado:
July 7 (300 BCE)
Well, this evening I did manage to get Pax Romana set up, using my home-brewed alternate-historical scenario. This picks up right where my Successors and Sword of Rome runs left off, in 300 BCE.
You can see Carthage in the lower left, ready to build up its western empire. A few Romans in central Italy, set to finish their conquest of the peninsula. An alliance between the western chunk of Alexander’s empire and Magna Graecia. A few of Alexander’s satraps asserting their independence in Asia Minor. Way off in the East, we have Alexander’s son and heir partnering up with the elderly Ptolemy of Egypt to pursue a new generation’s ambitions.
Let the games begin!
July 10 (250 BCE)
Spent most of the day “teaching” an online course (i.e., monitoring student progress and grading papers), and building a slide deck for next week’s Enormous Course lesson.
I also plowed through a game-turn of Pax Romana. I’m now at the end of Game-Turn II (about 250 BCE), and there have been some interesting developments.
Given the enforced alliance at the beginning of the game between “Greece” and “The East” in my home-brewed scenario, once the two empires have divided up Asia Minor there’s really only one direction for “The East” (the main body of the Alexandrian empire) to go. That’s across North Africa to fulfill one of Alexander’s old ambitions, the conquest of Carthage.
The campaign was fortuitously timed, just as Carthage was struggling with a “slave revolt” event (entirely historical, as Carthage always had trouble with internal rebellions). I looked at the odds facing the Carthaginian army, and decided that their best bet was to fall back on the Numidian hinterland and the settlements in Spain, and let the Alexandrian army deal with the rebels. So the outnumbered Carthaginian army is more or less intact to fight another day. Still, between the Alexandrian invasion and an opportunistic campaign by the Romans in Corsica and Sardinia, Carthage has lost a lot of territory.
“Greece” (the European sector of Alexander’s empire) has been having a hard time expanding anywhere. They’ve knocked out a few barbarian tribes, but they also had to fend off a massive invasion of German barbarians from the back-end of nowhere, and the net result has been just about zero. Maybe in the next few turns they can do better – they certainly have the economic base for conquest, even if they also have a big frontier to defend.
The Roman Republic has been doing . . . not too badly, actually, mostly by carefully leaving the Alexandrians alone and snapping up territory opportunistically around the edges. They’ve had to fight some wars against Gaulish barbarians, but that gave them a chunk of southern Gaul and plenty of directions for further expansion. Once the two segments of Alexander’s empire become hostile to each other, there’s every likelihood the Romans can start playing both ends against the middle.
July 13 (175 BCE)
I really ought to be working on things for the office, but honestly I was pretty burned out this morning, so I spent the day on Pax Romana instead. The capstone scenario I need to write is still percolating in the back of my brain, so tomorrow I’ll sit down and knock out as much of it as I can.
In the Fourth Millennium universe, we’ve reached about 175 BCE, the halfway point in the simulation.
There have been some interesting developments. The entirety of Magna Graecia has changed hands, for one thing. The Greek cities in Italy are now subject to the Roman Republic, while the post-Minoan matriarchy that was ruling Sicily is now a vassal-state of the Ptolemies of Egypt.
In the far west, now that the Romans have unified Italy, they’ve drawn a new strategic objective: the conquest of Hispania. Spain has just been unified by the league of post-Carthaginian towns left behind after Carthage itself was conquered by the Ptolemies. Unfortunately the Phoenicians have maybe half the economic strength of the growing Roman state, their social stability is much worse, and their armies tend to be smaller and of lower quality than the Roman legions. I’m predicting an alternate-historical version of the Punic Wars, with much the same outcome. Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam.
Meanwhile, now that Alexander’s empire has fragmented, there’s an epic confrontation brewing in Asia Minor, between Alexander’s direct heirs and the Seleucids who are based out of the Macedonian homeland and Greece. Right now the two powers are about evenly matched, so I have to wonder if they won’t just fight each other to exhaustion. A really talented leader on one side or the other might make all the difference. Have to see how the next couple of turns go.
July 16 (125 BCE)
As I move toward finishing up with my Pax Romana run, the world is starting to look like its status in the proposed Fourth Millennium RPG. The current date is about 125 BCE, and I’ve got 75 years to go.
In the west, the Romans have dealt with the post-Carthaginian towns and a couple of barbarian invasions in Spain, and have secured the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula. That’s about where they were about 75 years earlier in our history, after the Second Punic War. At the moment the Roman Republic is the second-most powerful of the major empires, and they’re well placed to finish the conquest of Hispania and move into first place.
There’s still a “Carthage” in the game, and it’s even managed to take back a little of its old territory from the Ptolemies, but I’m reading that as a resurgence of the kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania. I can’t see those hanging on to their independence very long if any of the major empires find the time to look their way. At least they can act as a spoiler for a while longer.
The conflict between the pieces of Alexander’s empire has been grinding onward. The loose and often-fractured alliance between Alexander’s direct heirs and the Ptolemies of Egypt has been doing surprisingly well. The Seleucid kingdom in European Greece was hamstrung by a very badly timed civil war, and by the arrival of a “soldier of fortune” mercenary army working for Alexander’s descendants. (Pax Romana includes a “soldier of fortune” mechanic, which can disrupt things by bringing a rogue military force onto the board for a turn or so. Think Pyrrhus of Epirus, or some of the third-tier Diadochi.) As a result, the Seleucid position in Asia Minor is in full collapse, and Alexander’s heirs have just about consolidated everything up to the islands off the Ionian coast. This game allows for lots of reverses of fortune, though, so no guarantees what will happen before the end-of-game date.
I suspect I’ll be finished with this run later this week. After which I think I’m going to fire up Affinity and start a really big cartography project, the kind of thing that might end up in the eventual RPG book. Starting with a master map of the whole Mediterranean world, with maybe a few more-detailed local maps as well. I doubt any of that will be finished by the end of July, but maybe my patrons will have some pretty maps to look at in August.
July 21 (60 BCE)
Finished my Pax Romana run last night, and carefully documented the state of the world. That brings the Fourth Millennium timeline up to my planned date – about 60 BCE.
The post-Alexandrian empires have had about a century of actually getting along with each other and not going through round after round of civil wars. Which means they’ve both been able to urbanize and expand their territory. The Seleucids, in particular, have managed to do something interesting – wedged in between Rome and the Alexandrians, they’ve expanded northward into the Balkans, and the territory of the eastern Celts along the Danube River. They’ve got a whole network of military colonies in that whole region, acting as a matrix in which the Celts can be Hellenized, formed into a solid defensive line against the incursion of Germans from further north. If I can’t build that into an environment for lots of adventures, I need to turn in my badge.
Meanwhile, the Roman Republic is the biggest, most unified, and wealthiest of the major powers . . . but it’s not strong enough to fend off both wings of the post-Alexandrian empires at once. Italy is starting to seem like a morsel caught in the jaws of Hellenistic states to the north and south. In the last turn of the game, the Romans had to fend off attacks from both sides, and lost small but significant portions of territory in both directions. What’s worse, the Republic just suffered its first serious round of military reverses, with whole legions lost and its internal stability sliding – which suggests it may be in for this world’s equivalent of the bloody Social War.
In power politics, a tripod is the most unstable of structures, because the temptation is always there for two powers to gang up on the third. So in the present day of the Fourth Millennium, is the Roman Republic going to go down before the Hellenistic conquest? Or will the post-Alexandrians collapse into factional fighting (again) and give the Romans a chance to get the advantage? After all, it’s not as if the Hellenes of this era have ever managed to go very long without starting to imitate the moment-to-moment business of a bucket of crabs.
This is going to be a great setting for adventure stories and a tabletop RPG. Next step: to build some maps of the current situation, and maybe write the first gazetteer of the setting. That’s not going to be finished before the end of July, but I suspect I’ll have some neat material to show my patrons next month.
